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Software Systems Architecture: Working With Stakeholders Using Viewpoints and Perspectives, by Nick Rozanski, Eóin Woods
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Software Systems Architecture is a practitioner-oriented guide to designing and implementing effective architectures for information systems. It is both a readily accessible introduction to software architecture and an invaluable handbook of well-established best practices. It shows why the role of the architect is central to any successful information-systems development project, and, by presenting a set of architectural viewpoints and perspectives, provides specific direction for improving your own and your organization's approach to software systems architecture.
With this book you will learn how to
- Design an architecture that reflects and balances the different needs of its stakeholders
- Communicate the architecture to stakeholders and demonstrate that it has met their requirements
- Focus on architecturally significant aspects of design, including frequently overlooked areas such as performance, resilience, and location
- Use scenarios and patterns to drive the creation and validation of your architecture
- Document your architecture as a set of related views
- Use perspectives to ensure that your architecture exhibits important qualities such as performance, scalability, and security
The architectural viewpoints and perspectives presented in the book also provide a valuable long-term reference source for new and experienced architects alike.
Whether you are an aspiring or practicing software architect, you will find yourself referring repeatedly to the practical advice in this book throughout the lifecycle of your projects.
A supporting Web site containing further information can be found at www.viewpoints-and-perspectives.info
- Sales Rank: #900995 in Books
- Published on: 2005-04-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.50" h x 1.48" w x 7.50" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 576 pages
From the Back Cover
Software Systems Architectureis a practitioner-oriented guide to designing and implementing effective architectures for information systems. It is both a readily accessible introduction to software architecture and an invaluable handbook of well-established best practices. It shows why the role of the architect is central to any successful information-systems development project, and, by presenting a set of architectural viewpoints and perspectives, provides specific direction for improving your own and your organization's approach to software systems architecture.
With this book you will learn how to
- Design an architecture that reflects and balances the different needs of its stakeholders
- Communicate the architecture to stakeholders and demonstrate that it has met their requirements
- Focus on architecturally significant aspects of design, including frequently overlooked areas such as performance, resilience, and location
- Use scenarios and patterns to drive the creation and validation of your architecture
- Document your architecture as a set of related views
- Use perspectives to ensure that your architecture exhibits important qualities such as performance, scalability, and security
The architectural viewpoints and perspectives presented in the book also provide a valuable long-term reference source for new and experienced architects alike.
Whether you are an aspiring or practicing software architect, you will find yourself referring repeatedly to the practical advice in this book throughout the lifecycle of your projects.
A supporting Web site containing further information can be found atwww.viewpoints-and-perspectives.info
About the Author
Nick Rozanski is an enterprise technical architect at Marks and Spencer, where he focuses on integration and workflow. During his more than twenty years of experience he has worked for companies such as Logica, Capgemini, and Sybase. His technology experience covers enterprise application integration, relational databases, and object-oriented software development. He is also an experienced technical instructor and certified internal project auditor.
Eoin Woods is a principal consultant at Züehlke Engineering in London, where he works as a consultant software architect focusing on trading and investment management companies in the financial markets. He has worked in the software engineering field for fifteen years with a number of companies, including Ford Motor Company, Groupe Bull, InterTrust Technologies, and Sybase.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
The authors of this book are both practicing software architects who have worked in this role, together and separately, on information system development projects for quite a few years. During that time, we have seen a significant increase in the visibility of software architects and in the importance with which our role has been viewed by colleagues, management, and customers. No large software development project nowadays would expect to go ahead without an architect--or a small architectural group--in the vanguard of the development team.
While there may be an emerging consensus that the software architect's role is an important one, there seems to be little agreement on what the job actually involves. Who are our clients? To whom are we accountable? What are we expected to deliver? What is our involvement once the architectural design has been completed? And, perhaps most fundamentally, where are the boundaries between requirements, architecture, and design?
The absence of a clear definition of the role is all the more problematic because of the seriousness of the problems that today's software projects (and specifically, their architects) have to resolve.
- The expectations of users and other stakeholders in terms of functionality, capability, time to market, and flexibility have become much more demanding.
- Long system development times result in continual scope changes and consequent changes to the system's architecture and design.
- Today's systems are more functionally and structurally complex than ever and are usually constructed from a mix of off-the-shelf and custom-built components.
- Few systems exist in isolation; most are expected to interoperate and exchange information with many other systems.
- Getting the functional structure--the design--of the system right is only part of the problem. How the system behaves (i.e., its quality properties) is just as critical to its effectiveness as what it does.
- Technology continues to change at a pace that makes it very hard for architects to keep their technical expertise up-to-date.
When we first started to take on the role of software architects, we looked for some sort of software architecture handbook that would walk us through the process of developing an architectural design. After all, other architectural disciplines have behind them centuries of theory and established best practice.
For example, in the first century A.D., the Roman Marcus Vitruvius Pollio wrote the first ever architectural handbook, De architectura libri decem ("Ten Books on Architecture"), describing the building architect's role and required skills and providing a wealth of material on standard architectural structures. In 1670, Anthony Deane, a friend of diarist Samuel Pepys, a former mayor of the English town of Harwich and later a member of Parliament, published a ground-breaking textbook, A Doctrine of Naval Architecture, which described in detail some of the leading methods of the time for large ship design. Deane's ideas and principles helped systematize the practice of naval architecture for many years. And in 1901, George E. Davis, a consulting engineer in the British chemical industry, created a new field of engineering when he published his text A Handbook of Chemical Engineering. This text was the first book to define the practical principles underpinning industrial chemical processes and guided the field for many years afterward.
The existence of such best practices has a very important consequence in terms of uniformity of approach. If you were to give several architects and engineers a commission to design a building, a cruise liner, or a chemical plant, the designs they produced would probably differ. However, the processes they used, the ways they represented their designs on paper (or a computer screen), and the techniques they used to ensure the soundness of their designs would be very similar.
Sadly, our profession has yet to build any significant legacy of mainstream industrial best practices. When we looked, we found a dearth of introductory books to guide practicing information systems architects in the details of doing their jobs.
Admittedly, we have an abundance of books on specific technologies, whether it's J2EE, CORBA, or .NET, and some on broader topics such as Web services or object orientation (although, because of the speed at which software technology changes, many of these become out-of-date within a few years). There are also a number of good general software architecture books, several of which we refer to in later chapters. But many of these books aim to lay down principles that apply across all sorts of systems and so are written in quite general terms, while most of the more specific texts are aimed at our colleagues in the real-time and embedded-systems communities.
We feel that if you are a new software architect for an information system, the books that actually tell you how to do your job, learn the important things you need to know, and make your architectural designs successful are few and far between. While we don't presume to replace the existing texts on software architecture or place ourselves alongside the likes of Vitruvius, Deane, and Davis, addressing these needs was the driving force behind our decision to write this book.
Specifically, the book shows you
- What software architecture is about and why your role is vitally important to successful project delivery
- How to determine who is interested in your architecture (your stakeholders), understand what is important to them (their concerns), and design an architecture that reflects and balances their different needs
- How to communicate your architecture to your stakeholders in an understandable way that demonstrates that you have met their concerns (the architectural description)
- How to focus on what is architecturally significant, safely leaving other aspects of the design to your designers, without neglecting issues like performance, resilience, and location
- What important activities you most need to undertake as an architect, such as identifying and engaging stakeholders, using scenarios, creating models, and documenting and validating your architecture
Throughout the book we primarily focus on the development of large-scale information systems (by which we mean the computer systems used to automate the business operations of large organizations). However, we have tried to present our material in a way that is independent of the type of information system you are designing, the technologies the developers will be using, and the software development lifecycle your project is following. We have standardized on a few things, such as the use of Unified Modeling Language (UML) in most of our diagrams, but we've done that only because UML is the most widely understood modeling language around. You don't have to be a UML expert to understand this book.
We didn't set out to be the definitive guide to developing the architecture of your information system--such a book would probably never be finished and would require the collaboration of a huge number of experts across a wide range of technical specializations. Also, we did not write a book of prescriptive methods. Although we present some activity diagrams that explain how to produce your deliverables, these are designed to be compatible with the wide range of software development approaches in use today.
What we hope we have achieved is the creation of a practical, practitioner-oriented guide that explains how to design successful architectures for information systems and how to see these through to their successful implementation. This is the sort of book that we wish had been available when we started out as software architects, and one that we expect to refer to even now.
You can find further useful software architecture resources, and contact us to provide feedback on the book's content, via our Web page: www.viewpoints-and-perspectives.info. We look forward to hearing from you.
Most helpful customer reviews
34 of 35 people found the following review helpful.
My new standard architecture framework
By Alan McBee
I want to start by countering the negative review that is currently viewed as the most helpful here on Amazon. The reviewer did not like that the book did not seem to address most directly what would be needed by "project managers, team leads and most importantly developers."
I'm going to suggest that the reviewer started reading the book with a preconceived notion of what a software architect is, and what software architecture is about. It's no surprise. I'm reading several books on software architecture; all of them confront and try to address what might be a common definition, given that there are so many ambiguous definitions throughout the world.
The authors of this book make clear that ALL of the stakeholders in a software project must be appropriately addressed. That's a huge challenge! From business executives to analysts to even project managers, team leads, and developer, all of them must share a common understanding of the entire system and what will be changed. If the architect is primarily thinking about how to communicate with the development team, then that architect should have her title changed to development lead or chief engineer.
It was by reading this book for the main purpose of understanding what a software architect really is responsible for, that I can now easily distinguish the software architect role from other roles. The responsibility is to everybody that has a material interest in the project.
And how can one possibly communicate appropriately to people whose interest and technical acumen will range as wide as is possible throughout a business? That's exactly what this book explain precisely how to do, in a way that will make sense to the developers, the project managers, the executives, the project managers, the operations staff, the security team... everyone.
It does not (nor does it claim to) teach how to apply software development design patterns to construct a component, nor how to correlate a sequence diagram of a system with its structural diagram, or any of the other concerns that are probably best left to the development leads.
It does, however, consistently encourage and recommends strategies and tactics for keeping the level of abstraction at the right level for the stakeholders to which you are attempting to share that one software system solution. Architecture is not about the world of details (where developers live) -- it's about the world of models which, as a necessity, must remove details that are not necessary for all stakeholders. The model must be correct, but it must also be shared by all. That's the responsibility of the architect.
This book is definitely worth reading if you already believe that software architecture is your field, and feel overwhelmed at trying to grasp the scope of your responsibilities and the ever-changing nature of what an architect's value should be. It has a permanent place on my bookshelf, and I'll be referring to it quite often over my career.
35 of 38 people found the following review helpful.
Comprehensive view on the subject of Systems Architecture
By uniq
When it comes to the systems or software architecture, I subscribe to Tom Demarco's definition: "An architecture is a framework for the disciplined introduction of change." ([...] And while most of the job postings matching "architect" these days talk about the need for writing and testing code, there is a growing awareness in the industry that in order to build a resilient enterprise system an organization must look beyond design patterns and coding idioms. In addition to the technical challenges, building large enterprise system requires effort of many professionals during an extended period of time. This brings other non-technical risks into the picture.
This is one of the better books covering many issues that comprise System Architecture discipline in the light of their personal experience. The authors introduce us to an approach for partitioning architecture using Viewpoints (behavioral characteristics, e.g. Functional, Information, Concurrency, Development, Deployment, Operational) and Perspectives (nonfunctional aspects, e.g. Security, Performance and Scalability, Availability and Resilience, Evolution).
The first half of the book describes the discipline of Application Software Architecture, the second half contains two catalogs, one for Viewpoints and the other for Perspectives. Both catalogs describe concerns, artifacts (models), problems and pitfalls when focusing on a viewpoint or perspective.
I would qualify this book as a companion and reference for a beginner through intermediate level. It gives an excellent overview of what a system architect has to go through day in and day out to achieve success. The book contains a wealth of advice on what to pay and not pay attention to in any particular stage of the architectural development. The authors clearly speak from personal experience. Their examples are always to the point, although a bit sketchy with respect to details on techniques and artifacts and how to develop and use them. Considering the site of the volume, the authors did an excellent job balancing width and depth of coverage: trying to cover such a vast discipline in detail in a 500+-page book is not possible.
20 of 22 people found the following review helpful.
Every IT architect should read this book
By Peter Eeles
My reason for buying this book was to hear what the authors had to say about handling cross-cutting architectural concerns (such as security), which they refer to as "perspectives". The authors offer refreshing insights into how such concerns should be interwoven with the architecture views/viewpoints with which many architects will already be familiar when documenting their software architectures.
But now that I've finally finished reading the book (500+ pages) I have to say that this book is so much more. This is essentially a "book of 2 halves". The first half discusses fundamental architecture concepts, and various elements of the architecture process. However, the second half of the book is dedicated to a catalog of viewpoints and a catalog of perspectives. These sections are, I think, the most valuable, and offer probably the best overview of different architectural concerns (such as concurrency, deployment, operations, security, availability etc.) I've come across. And the whole book is liberally sprinkled with pragmatic advice, and examples, based on the authors' experiences.
In summary, the book makes a great "handbook" for both novice and experienced architects.
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